FOSSIL  AND  LIVING  AMPHIBIANS  AND REPTILES  OF  KAZAKHSTAN

Fig.1. Ratio of paleoherpetological publications on different fossil groups of amphibians and reptiles of Kazakhstan.

AMPHIBIA LINNAEUS, 1767

T e m n o s p o n d y l i  Zittel, 1888

    Phyllospondyli Zittel, 1890

  Branchiosauridae Fritsch, 1879

cf. Branchiosaurus sp.:  U.Carboniferous-L.Permian, South-Eastern Kazakhstan,   

   Kurty River (Kuznetsov & Ivakhnenko, 1981)

    Rhachitomi Watson, 1919

Rhachitomi indet.:  L.Permian, Central Kazakhstan, Ters-Akkan (Efremov, 1951)

    Stereospondyli Zittel, 1890

  Plagiosauridae Abel, 1919

Plagioscutum caspiense Shishkin, 1986: M.Triassic, Western Kazakhstan, Inder 

  Lake

                                                         C a u d a t a  Oppel, 1801

   Karauroidea Estes, 1981

  Karauridae Ivachnenko, 1978

Karaurus sharovi Ivachnenko, 1978:  U.Jurassic, Southern Kazakhstan, Karatau

   Ambystomatoidea Noble, 1931

  Scapherpetontidae Auffenberg et Goin, 1959

Eoscapherpeton sp.:  L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baybishe (Nesov,

   1985b)

Eoscapherpetontinae indet.: Turonian-?Coniacian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Kordikova et al., 1996); L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Nessov, 1988)

    Prosirenoidea Estes, 1981

  Prosirenidae Estes, 1969

Prosirenidae indet.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baybishe (Nesov & Udovichenko, 1986)

Cryptobranchoidea Dunn, 1922

Cryptobranchidae Fitzinger et Gray, 1825

Zaissanurus beliajevae Tschernov, 1959:  U.Eocene-L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin, Konur-Kura, Kiin-Kerish, Kara-Biryuk, Tayzhuzgen, Kusto-Kyzylkain, Aksyir and others (Chkhikvadze, 1982; Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Andrias nov.sp.: U.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin, Maylibay (Chkhikvadze, 1982)

Andrias karelcapeki Ckhikvadze, 1982: L.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Dzhaman-Gara (Vympel, Poltinnik), Êusto-Kyzylkain (Tri bogatyrya), Êîngur-Kul’dzha and others

Andrias sp.: L.Miocene, Dzhungarian Alatau, Aktau Mountains; U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Gusinyy perelyot (Chkhikvadze, 1982)

Cryptobranchidae indet.:  L.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Kusto-Kyzylkain (Bobrovaya struya); Dzhungarian Alatau, Aktau Mountains;  U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Gusinyy perelyot (Chkhikvadze, 1984a)

  Hynobiidae Cope, 1860

Salamandrella keyserlingi (Dybowski, 1870) - Siberian (Manchurian) salamander:  recent, North Kazakhstan; range from Kamchatka Peninsula, Kurile  Islands, Sakhalin  Island and Maritime Territory to all Siberia and Ural to Arkhangel’sk area, Komi Republic, Gor’kiy and Perm’ areas, Mari Republic - Russia;  Northern Mongolia; North-Eastern China; Korea; North Japan

Ranodon cf. sibiricus Kessler, 1866:  U.Pliocene, Transili Alatau, Kiikbay (Averianov & Tjutkova, 1995)

Ranodon sibiricus Kessler, 1866 - Siberian salamander: recent, Kazakhstan, Dzhungarian Alatau; China, extreme west of Xinjiang

   Salamandroidea Cope, 1890

 Salamandridae Gray, 1825

Chelotriton sp.: M.Miocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Êalkaman (Tleuberdina et 

   al., 1993)

Triturus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) - common newt:  recent, Kazakhstan, Emba River, North Aral Sea region, probably Balkhash Lake region; Western Siberia to Altai area; Europe; north-eastern coast of Black Sea (details in Bannikov et al., 1977)

  Proteidae Gray, 1825

Mioproteus sp.:  L.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Kusto-Kyzylkain (Ryzhaya sopka) (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Proteidae indet.: M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

“Bishara backa” nom. nud.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region,  Baybishe (Nesov,   Udovichenko, 1986)

Amphibia indet.: ?L.Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Priozyornyy quarry (Prizemlin, 1993)

       A n u r a  Dumeril, 1804

  Bufonidae Gray, 1825

Bufonidae indet.: U.Oligocene, L.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Ashutas (Zmey Gorynych) (Chkhikvadze, 1985); M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

Bufo sp.: M.Miocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985); Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman (Tleuberdina et al., 1993); U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Gusinyy perelyot (Iskakova, 1969)

Bufo cf. raddei Strauch, 1876:  U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Gusinyy perelyot (Iskakova, 1969; Chkhikvadze, 1984a)

Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) - European common toad:  recent, North-Western, North-Eastern and Eastern Kazakhstan; North-Western Africa; Europe;  Crimea; Caucasus; souther of North Asia - from Korea and Japan on the east,  to Eastern China on the south, and to the South of Siberia and the Far East on the north

B. danatensis Pisanetz,  1978 - middle-asian toad:  recent, Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin (foothills of Saur Range), Southern Balkhash Lake region; China, Western Xinjiang; Southern Turkmenistan; Tadzhikistan; Kyrgyzstan; Western Mongolia

B. viridis (Laurenti, 1768) - green toad:  recent,  all Kazakhstan exclude of its northern part; China, Western Xinjiang; Western Mongolia; Europe; north coast of Africa; Crimea; Caucasus; Near East, Central Asia

  Discoglossidae Günther, 1859

Discoglossidae indet.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Kordikova et al. 2001)

Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) - fire-bellied toad:  recent, Kazakhstan, floodplain of Ural River; Central and Eastern Europe; Crimea

  Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850

Eopelobates sp.: L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Pelobatidae indet.:  L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin, Tayzhuzgen (Talagay), Dzhaman-Gara (Podorozhnik); U.Oligocene, Central Kazakhstan, Kyzyl-Kak (Chkhikvadze, 1984a)

Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768) - common spadefoot:  recent, Western Kazakhstan, Irgiz and Turgay Basin; Central and Eastern Europe; Northern Caucasus

  Ranidae Gray, 1825

Ranidae indet.:  U.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985);  M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

Rana sp.:  M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek (Bendukidze & Chkhikvadze, 1976); Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman (Savinov, 1972);  U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Gusinyy perelyot (Iskakova, 1969)

Rana cf. arvalis Nilsson, 1842:  M.Miocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman (Tleuberdina et al., 1993)

R. arvalis Nilsson,  1842 - moor frog:  recent,  north half of Kazakhstan; Siberia to Baikal Lake and Transbaikalia; Europe (details in Bannikov et al., 1977: 58)

R. asiatica Bedriaga,  1858 - central asian frog:  recent, Kazakhstan, Balkhash Lake region, Chu River, Chyornaya River region; North-Eastern China; Eastern Kyrgystan; Western Siberia to Sakhalin (to the north of 71°N); Northern Mongolia and Korea

Rana cf. ridibunda Pallas, 1771:  M.Miocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman (Tleuberdina et al., 1993);  U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Gusinyy perelyot (Iskakova, 1969)

R. ridibunda Pallas, 1771 - marsh frog: recent, southern half of Kazakhstan;  China, Western Xinjiang; Central and Southern Europe; Crimea, Caucasus; North Africa; Near East, Central Asia

R. temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 - common frog: recent, North-Western Kazakhstan;

   Europe

Anura indet.: L.Santonian,  North-Eastern Aral Sea region,  Baybishe  (Nesov,1985b); M.Eocene, L.Oligocene, L.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Kusto-Kyzylkain (Ryzhaya sopka) (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

      There is information about the Early Permian fauna of stegocephales which was found on Zhinishke River in Transili region (Geologiya SSSR, 1971: 353) as well about footprints of ancient tetrapods in Dzhezkazgan copper mine and in the Lower Permian deposits, downstream of Ili River (Bazhanov, 1964).

Reptilia indet.:  L.Permian, Western Kazakhstan, Sogur-Say (Efremov & V’yushkov,  1955)

REPTILIA LINNAEUS, 1767

 S e y m o u r i o m o r p h a  Watson, 1917

  Discosauriscidae Romer, 1947

Utegenia shpinari Kuznetzov et Ivachnenko, 1981: U.Carboniferous-L.Permian, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Kurty

  Seymouriidae Williston, 1911

Gnorhimosuchus satpaevi Efremov, 1951: L.Permian, Central Kazakhstan, Ters-Akkan

                                                      C o t y l o s a u r i a  Cope, 1880

Cotylosauria indet.:  L.Permian,  Central Kazakhstan, Ters-Akkan (Efremov, 1951); Permian, Southern Kazakhstan, Sorkol’ Lake (Bakirov, Kuznetsov, 1962)

T e s t u d i n a t a  Linnaeus, 1758

Testudinata indet.: ?U.Jurassic, Southern Kazakhstan, Ikantu Valley (Kuznetsov, 1964)

    Pleurodira Dumeril & Bibron, 1834

  Pelomedusidae Cope, 1868

Pelomedusidae indet.:  M.Eocene, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay (Chkhikvadze, 1984b)

    Cryptodira Dumeril & Bibron, 1834

   Trionychoidea Bell, 1828

  Trionychidae Bell, 1828

Trionychinae indet.:  L.Cretaceous, Dzhungarian Alatau, Baytuma (Kordikova et al., 1993), U.Cretaceous, Zholaman; Southern Kazakhstan, Kara-Imchek (Êîrdikova,  1994c), Alymtau Range (Khozatskiy, 1957); Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany: Dzhurtas, Karoy, Karacheku (Efremov, 1944); Turonian-?Coniacian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Kordikova et al., 1996); L.Santonian, Southern Kazakhstan,  Kazgurt (Suslov,  1987); Miocene, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Bala-Boguty, Uspenovka  (Êîrdikova, 1994c); M.Miocene, Turgay Basin, Aksayadyr (Khozatskiy, 1957)

"Paraplastomenus" sp.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baykhozha

"Paraplastomenus" riabinini (Kusnetzov et Ckhikvadze, 1987):  L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Kuznetsov, Chkhikvadze, 1987), Buroynak, Baybishe; Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Kordikova, 1990)

"Paraplastomenus" cf. riabinini (Kuznetzov et Ckhikvadze, 1987): ?Santonian, Central Kazakhstan, Southern Kyzyl-Kiya (Kordikova, 1990)

P. mlynarskii (Ckhikvadze, 1970b):  M.Eocene, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay, Aksyir, Chakpaktas, Ul’ken-Ulasty, Chaybulak

P. gabunii (Ckhikvadze,1984b): M.Eocene, Southern Balkhash Lake region, Chinzhaly (Chkhikvadze, 1990); Zaysan Basin,  Àksyir (Chkhikvadze, 1990)

P. minusculus  (Ckhikvadze,  1973): M.Eocene, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Kolpakov Basin, Chinzhaly; M.Eocene-U.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1973, 1990); M.Eocene-L.Oligocene, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Ili Basin, Aktau; U.Oligocene, North-Western Ustyurt, Kyzylbulak (Kordikova, 1991b)

Ulutrionychini indet.: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga (Kordikova,1991c)

?Axestemys riabinini (Kusnetzov et Ckhikvadze, 1987): L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region,  Shakh-Shakh (Kuznetsov & Chkhikvadze, 1987), Buroynak, Baybishe; Tashkent Chuli region,

   Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Kordikova, 1990)

?Axestemys cf. muyuensis (Lei & Ye, 1985): M.Eocene, Zaysan Basin, Chaybulak, Kalmakpay, Aksyir (Chkhikvadze, 1990)

Ulutrionyx zaisanensis (Ckhikvadze, 1971): M.Eocene-U.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin, Kiin-Kerish, Tayzhuzgen, Kusto-Kyzylkain, Tuzkabak

U. turgaicus (Kusnetzov et Ckhikvadze, 1977): L.Oligocene, Turgay, Chelkar-Teniz,

   Donguz-Tau

U. cf. turgaicus (Kusnetzov & Ckhikvadze,  1977):  U.Oligocene, Central Kazakhstan,  Ayakkasaun,  Tosbulak (Êîrdikova, 1994c); Zaysan Basin, Maylibay, Tayzhuzgen (Talagay), Dzhaman-Gara (Podorozhnik) (Chkhikvadze, 1989)

U. ninae (Ckhikvadze, 1971à): U.Oligocene, Central Kazakhstan, Kyzyl-Kak

Ulutrionychini indet.:  U.Oligocene, Betpakdala, Ayakbuldyryk (Êîrdikova, 1994c)

Pelodiscus jakhimovitchae Ckhikvadze, 1989à: M.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Sarybulak, Aksyir, Kalmakpay, Dzhaman-Gara,  Kyzyl-Kesek

Pelodiscus sp.: L.-M.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Akzhal, Ashudasty, Shinkurgay, Kyzylgay (Êîrdikova, 1994c)

  Adocidae Cope, 1870

Shachemys baibolatica Kusnetzov, 1976: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Kuznetsov, 1976; Kordikova et al., 1996),  Buroynak (V.Kuznetsov’s determination), Baybishe (Kuznetsov & Shilin, 1983)

Adocus sp.:  L.Cretaceous,  Dzhungarian Alatau Range, Baytuma (Kordikova et al., 1993);  L.Santonian,  North-Eastern Aral Sea region,  Shakh-Shakh, Buroynak (Nessov, 1984a); Santonian-L.Campanian, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany: Dzhurtas (Nessov, 1995); U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga (Nesov, 1987à)

A. foveatus Nessov et Khosatzky, 1977: L.Santonian, Northern Aral Sea region,  Buroynak (Nessov, 1984a), Baybishe (Nesov, 1988)

A. orientalis Gilmore, 1931: M.Eocene, Zaysan Basin, Aksyir, Kalmakpay, Chaybulak, Ul’ken-Ulasty, Obayla (Chkhikvadze, 1969)

Adocidae indet.: U.Cretaceous, Syrdar’ya River, Baykhozha (pers.comm. of L.Nesov)

   Chelydroidea Gray, 1831

  Chelydridae Gray, 1831

Chelydropsis minax Ckhikvadze, 1971à: L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin, Tayzhuzgen, Tuzkabak, Kiin-Kerish and others

Ch. poena Ckhikvadze, 1971à: M.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Ashutas, Aksyir and others

Ch. kusnetzovi Ckhikvadze, 1985: U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Detskaya zheleznaya doroga (Gayduchenko & Chkhikvadze, 1985)

?Chelydropsis sp.: M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek (Bendukidze & Chkhikvadze, 1976)

    Chelonioidea Baur, 1893

  Toxochelyidae Baur, 1895

Anatolemys oxensis Nessov & Khosatzky, 1977: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Nessov, 1984à)

A. maximus Khosatzky et Nessov, 1977: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Nessov, 1984a; Kordikova et al., 1996), Buroynak (Nessov, 1984à), Baybishe (Nesov, 1988)

  ? Xinjiangchelyidae

Yaxartemys longicauda Riabinin, 1948b: U.Jurassic, Southern Kazakhstan,

   Mikhaylovka

  Cheloniidae Gray, 1825

Tasbacka aldabergeni Nessov, 1987à: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga

Chelonia sp.: L.Oligocene, Turgay, Chelkar-Teniz (Chkhikvadze, 1969)

"Chelonia" aralis Khosatzky, 1945: L.Oligocene, Northern Aral Sea region, Àkespe

Glarichelys gwinneri (Wagner, 1911): U.Oligocene, Northern Ustyurt, Ashchiktaypak

   (Àslanova et al., 1979)

Cheloniidae indet.: M.Eocene, Northern Aral Sea region, Kokturnak (Khozatskiy, 1975)

  Desmatochelyidae Williston, 1894

?Desmatochelyidae indet.: U.Cretaceous,  Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach)  (Ryabinin, 1938), Alymtau (Nessov, 1984à)

  Protostegidae Cope, 1889

Protostegidae indet.: U.Campanian-?L.Maastrichtian ,  Northern Kazakhstan,  Priozyornyy quarry *) (Prizemlin, 1993)

   Platysternoidea Gray, 1870

  Platysternidae Gray, 1870

Planiplastron gureevi (Nessov & Ckhikvadze, 1987):  U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga

P. tatarinovi  Ckhikvadze, 1971à: U.Oligocene, Central Kazakhstan,  Kyzyl-Kak;  Turgay,  Myneskesuyyek;  Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Maylibay (Chkhikvadze, 1990)

Planiplastron sp.: M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

Kazachemys zaisanensis  (Ckhikvadze, 1981):  M.Miocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Dzhaman-Gara, Aksyir, Kusto-Kyzylkain; Northern Aral Sea region, Zherlepes;  Turgay, Kentyubek (Chkhikvadze, 1990)

  Lindholmemydidae Ckhikvadze, 1970

Lindholmemys gravis Nessov et Khosatzky, 1980: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Buroynak (Nessov, 1984)

Lindholmemys sp.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Nessov, 1984à), Baybishe (Nesov, 1988)

     Testudinoidea Baur, 1893

  Dermatemydidae Gray, 1870

Dermatemydidae indet.: U.Campanian-?L.Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan,

   Priozyornyy quarry (Prizemlin, 1993) (The age of Kushmurun fauna (Priozyornyy

   quarry) is rather the Late Campanian - ?Early Maastrichtian (pers.commun., L.Nesov,

   1994)

  Emydidae (sensu McDowell, 1964)

?Anhuichelys sp.: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga (Nesov & Chkhikvadze,

   1987)

?Pseudochrysemys sp.: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga (Nesov &

   Chkhikvadze, 1987)

Echmatemys chingaliensis Kusnetzov & Ckhikvadze, 1974: M.Eocene, Southern Balkhash Lake region, Chinzhaly; Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay, Ul’ken-Ulasty

E. orlovi Ckhikvadze, 1970b: U.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Aksyir, Kalmakpay, Chaybulak, Konur-Kura and others

E. zaisanensis Ckhikvadze, 1970b: U.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Mogila Sultan, Aksyir, Kalmakpay and others

E. borisovi Ckhikvadze, 1990: L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Aksyir

Grayemys amoena Ckhikvadze, 1973: M.Eocene, Southern Balkhash Lake region, Chinzhaly; Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, localities of Obayla fauna

G. minutissima Ckhikvadze, 1990: M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin,

   Aksyir

G. gigantea Ckhikvadze, 1990: M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Bulkair

Zaisanemys longicervicalis Ckhikvadze, 1990: U.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Mogila Sultan

Z. gilmorei Ckhikvadze, 1990: L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Aksyir

Z. tolstikovae Ckhikvadze, 1990: L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin,

   Tuzkabak

Z. index (Ckhikvadze, 1971à): L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kiin-Kerish, Kusto-Kyzylkain, Tayzhuzgen

Geomyda sp.: L.Oligocene, Turgay, Chelkar-Teniz; U.Oligocene, Central Kazakhstan, Kyzyl-Kak (Kuznetsov, 1978)

Melanochelys longilabiata Ckhikvadze, 1973: L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin, Tuzkabak, Kiin-Kerish and others

M. kazachstanica (Khosatzky, 1947): L.Miocene, Betpakdala, Askazansor

Melanochelys sp.:  L.Miocene, Turgay, Kushuk (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976); Northern Aral Sea region, Sayaken;  Eastern Kazakhstan, Ayaguz; M.Miocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman (Chkhikvadze, 1989)

Chrysemys lavrovi Kusnetzov & Ckhikvadze, 1977: L.Oligocene, Turgay, Atambaschink, Dzhanay-Choku

Chrysemys cf. lavrovi Kusnetzov & Ckhikvadze, 1977: U.Oligocene, Western Betpakdala, Baktykaryn (Kordikova et al., 1998)

Ch. jegalloi  (Ckhikvadze, 1973):  L.Miocene, Turgay, Akkemer (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976); Zaysan Basin, Dzhaman-Gara, Aksyir, Ashutas

Chrysemys cf. jegalloi (Ckhikvadze, 1973):  M.Miocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman  (Tleuberdina et al., 1993)

Chrysemys sp.: M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek  (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

Ocadia turgaica Kusnetzov & Ckhikvadze, 1977: L.Oligocene, Turgay, Atambaschink, Dzhanay-Choku, Myneskesuyyek; U.Oligocene, Central Kazakhstan, Kyzyl-Kak

Ocadia cf. turgaica Kusnetzov & Ckhikvadze, 1977: U.Oligocene, Western Betpakdala, Baktykaryn (Kordikova et al., 1998)

O. iliensis (Khosatzky & Kusnetzov,1971):  L.Miocene, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Ili Basin, Aktau; Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Aksyir, Ashutas  (Chkhivadze, 1989)

Ocadia cf. iliensis (Khosatzky & Kusnetzov, 1971): M.Miocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman  (Tleuberdina et al., 1993)

? Ocadia sp.: M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

Emydoidea tasbaka Ckhikvadze,1989: M.Miocene, Turgay, Kentyubek

Emydidae indet.:  M.Miocene, Western Kazakhstan, Mynsualmas (Bendukidze, Chkhikvasze, 1976); Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman, Karashigar (in Tleuberdina, 1988);  U.Miocene,  Kungey Alatau, Saty (Kuznetsov, 1978); M.Pliocene, Tekess Basin, Esekartkan (in Tleuberdina, 1988)

Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) - European pond turtle:  recent, Kazakhstan, basins of Ural River, Irgyz and Turgay Rivers and Tengiz Lake; Southern and Central Europe; Asia Anterior; North-Western Africa

  Testudinidae Gray, 1822

Hadrianus obailiensis Ckhikvadze, 1970b: M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay, Obayla, Ul’ken-Ulasty, Aksyir, Chaybulak and others

Hadrianus sp.: U.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Aksyir, Kalmakpay, Konur-Kura, Mogila Sultan  (Kuznetsov, 1978)

Ergilemys saikanensis Ckhikvadze, 1972: L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Aksyir, Kiin-Kerish, Tayzhuzgen

Hesperotestudo paraskivi (Kusnetzov, 1972): L.Miocene, Northern Aral Sea region, Kyzylbulak

Protestudo alba Ckhikvadze, 1971b: L.Miocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Ashutas

P. lavrovi Ckhikvadze, 1989: L.Miocene, Northern Aral Sea region, Zherlepes

P. turgaica (Riabinin, 1926): L.Miocene, Turgay, Kushuk

P. darewskii Ckhikvadze, 1971b: M.Miocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin,

   Sarybulak

P. tekessa  (Khosatzky  et Kusnetzov,  1974):  M.Miocene,  Tekess Basin,  Basulytau

P. kegenica (Khosatzky, 1955):  M.-U.Miocene, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Kegen’, Karkara  (Kuznetsov, 1978)

P. illiberalis Ckhikvadze, 1971b: U.Miocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin,

   Kalmakpay

P. irgizica (Kusnetzov, 1982b): M.Pliocene, Central Kazakhstan, Shuyldak

P. karabastusica Kusnetzov, 1982a: M.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region,

   Karabastuz

Protestudo sp.:  L.Miocene, Turgay, Akkemer; U.Miocene, Sarysay (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

“Testudo” aralensis Khozatzky, 1945 (nom.nud.): U.Oligocene, Northern Aral Sea region, Akespe

“Testudo” turmae Kusnetzov, 1958: M.Miocene, Central Kazakhstan, Turme

Agrionemys sp.:  U.Pliocene, Northern Kazakhstan, Selim-Dzhevar (Kuznetsov, 1978)

Agrionemys horsfieldi (Gray, 1844) - steppe tortoise:  recent, Southern Kazakhstan, range from Caspian Sea region to Alakol’ Lake;  China, Western Xinjiang;  Central and Middle Asia;  Northern and Eastern Iran; Afghanistan;  North-Western India;  Northern Pakistan

Testudinidae indet.: U.Oligocene, Western Betpakdala, Baktykaryn River sites (Ba1,3,4)

                S y n a p s i d a  Cope, 1878

               Pelycosauria Cope, 1878

Pelycosauria indet.: L.Permian, Central Kazakhstan, Ters-Akkan (Efremov,1951)

                                                              A r c h o s a u r i a  Owen, 1860

                                                                    Dinosauria Owen, 1841

Dinosauria indet.:  L.Cretaceous, Hauterivian?-Barremian, Western Kazakhstan, Emba River, Karalikol-Mollo (Nesov, 1995); Aptian - Western Kazakhstan, left bank of Emba River, Teleumbet; between Emba, Sagiz and Uil Rivers, Shubar-Zhilan (Vakhrameyev, 1952);  Albian -Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Chanak, Taskotan, Dzhamsugum (Belen’kiy, 1961); U.Cretaceous - North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Khorkhut (Yur’yev, 1954), Tyuratam (Nesov, 1995); Southern Kazakhstan, Tuzkul’, Uzunkuduk (Efremov, 1944), Dzhilga (Prinada, 1925), Chingel’dy (Ivanov, 1926), Alymtau (Prinada, 1927), Aygyr-Uch-Kan Range, Tyul’kesu  (Ryabinin, 1939), Chimkent  (Bazhanov, 1961); South-Eastern Kazakhstan,  Chulak (Kirikov, 1927), Karoy (Yakovlev, 1929), Antonovka (data of  E.Kordikova and V.Chkhikvadze,  1988); Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Tayzhuzgen;  Northern Kazakhstan, Ayat River (Bazhanov, 1947); L.Turonian, Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Mansurata (Belen’kiy, 1961); U.Turonian-Santonian, Betpakdala, Chu River Valley: Tassuyekkoba, Malyy Karakol’  (Nikiforova, 1960); Santonian, Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Algabas, Bogonale, Darbaza, Kazgurt (Nesov, 1995), Kyrkkuduk (Ryabinin, 1938)

     Saurischia Seeley, 1888

    Theropoda Marsh, 1881

Theropoda indet.: (Embasaurus minax Riabinin, 1931) - L.Cretaceous, Western Kazakhstan, Emba  River, Koy-Kara (Ryabinin, 1949), Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Dovletsay (Ryabinin, 1939); L.Santonian, Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Syuk-Syuk (Nesov, 1995)

   Carnosauria Huene, 1920

Carnosauria indet.: U.Cretaceous, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany; Southern Betpakdala, Bozaby (Efremov, 1944); Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhettytyube (Prinada, 1925; Nesov, 1995); L.Turonian, U.Turonian-Coniacean, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Nesov, 1995)

“Coeluroidea” indet.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baybishe (Nesov,

   1988)

  Tyrannosauridae Osborn, 1905

?Alectrosaurus sp.: L.Turonian, U.Turonian-Coniacean, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Nesov, 1995); L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) *) (Ryabinin , 1938), Kazgurt (Prizemlin,  1990);  North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Rozhdestvenskiy, 1964à)

Macroolithus rugustus: L.Campanian-Maastrichtian, Zaysan Basin, left bank of Tayzhuzgen River (Lucas et al., 1995)

Tyrannosauridae indet.: Turonian-?Coniacian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Kordikova et al., 1996); L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938); North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baybishe (Nesov, 1988); Southern Buroynak (Nesov, 1995; Kordikova et al., 1996)

  Coeluridae Marsh, 1881

Coeluroides ? sp.:  L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938), Kazgurt (Prizemlin, 1990)

Cîeluridae indet.: L.Cretaceous, Dzhungarian Alatau, Baytuma (Kordikova et al.,1993); L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938)

  Dromaeosauridae Matthew et Brown, 1922

Velociraptor cf. mongoliensis Osborn, 1924: L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938), Kazgurt (Prizemlin, 1990)

Dromaeosauridae indet.: Turonian-?Coniacian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili; L.Santonian, Shakh-Shakh (Rozhdestvenskiy, 1964à; Suslov, 1982; Kordikova et al., 1996)

   Ornithomimosauria Barsbold, 1976

  Ornithomimidae Marsh, 1890

Ornithomimus cf. asiaticus:  L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938), Kazgurt (Prizemlin, 1990)

Ornithomimidae indet.: U.Cretaceous, Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Dovletsay (Ryabinin, 1939); Turonian-?Coniacian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Kordikova et al., 1996); L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach)  (Ryabinin, 1938);  North-Eastern Aral Sea region,  Shakh-Shakh  (Rozhdestvenskiy,  1964à);  U.Cretaceous, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany, Karoy, Karacheku (Efremov, 1944)

   Oviraptorosauria Barsbold, 1976

  Oviraptoridae Barsbold, 1976

?Oviraptor sp.:  L.Santonian,  Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938), Kazgurt (Prizemlin, 1990)

  Caenognathidae

Caenognathidae indet.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region,  Shakh-Shakh (Baybolat) (Nesov, Khisarova, 1988; Currie et al., 1993)

  Deinodontidae Cope, 1886

Deinodontidae indet.: U.Turonian-Santonian or ?Coniacean-Santonian, Eastern Betpakdala, Malyy Karatau Range, Koturbulak (Nikiforova, 1960); L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Rozhdestvenskiy, 1964à);  U.Cretaceous,  Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany, Karacheku (Efremov, 1944)

   Ceratosauria Marsh, 1884

  Ceratosauridae Marsh, 1884

Ceratosauridae indet.*): L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938); U.Cretaceous, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany (Efremov, 1944) (*) material has to be revised)

    Sauropodomorpha Huene, 1932

   Sauropoda Marsh, 1878

  Titanosauridae Lydekker, 1885

Àntarctosaurus jaxarticus nom. nud.*): L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin , 1938), Kazgurt (Prizemlin, 1990) (*) material has to be revised)

Titanosauridae indet.: U.Cretaceous, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany, Karacheku; Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Efremov, 1944)

Sauropoda indet.: L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Syuk-Syuk (Rozhdestvenskiy, Khozatskiy, 1965)

     Ornithischia Seeley, 1888

Ornithischia indet.: U.Cretaceous, Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Dovletsay (Ryabinin, 1939); Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Ayat River (Novokhatskiy, 1954)

    Ornithopoda Marsh, 1881

   Iguanodontia Dollo, 1888

  Hadrosauridae Cope, 1869

Jaxartosaurus aralensis Riabinin, 1938: L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1938), Syuk-Syuk (Rozhdestvenskiy, 1964a), Kazgurt (Suslov, 1987)

Aralosaurus tuberiferus Rozhdestvensky, 1968: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Kordikova et al., 1996)

Arstanosaurus akkorganensis Shilin & Suslov, 1982: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Akkurgan

Gilmoreosaurus sp. cf. G. arkhangelskyi Nessov & Kaznyshkina, 1995: L.Turonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Nesov, 1995)

Hadrosaurus sp.: ?L.Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Priozyornyy quarry 

   (Prizemlin, 1993)

Lophorhothon sp.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Rozhdestvenskiy, 1964à)

cf. Lophorhothon sp.:  L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baybishe (Nesov,

   1985b)

Lambeosaurinae indet.: L.Santonian, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Efremov, 1944), Syuk-Syuk (Rozhdestvenskiy, Khozatskiy, 1965)

Hadrosauridae indet.: U.Cretaceous, South-Eastern Kazakhstan:  Malyye Kalkany, Karoy, Karacheku; Southern Betpakdala,  Bozaby;  Karatau Range,  Tuzkul’ (Efremov, 1944); Northern Kazakhstan, Ayat River (Bazhanov, 1947); ?Senomanian, Southern Kazakhstan, Tashkent Chuli region, Sary-Dzhilga (Ryabinin, 1938, 1939); L.Turonian, U.Turonian-Coniacean, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Nesov, 1995; Kordikova et al., 1996); Coniacean, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Kokuyuk (Voskoboynikov, 1953); U.Turonian-Santonian or ?Coniacean-Santonian, Eastern Betpakdala, Malyy Karatau Range, Koturbulak (Nikiforova, 1960); L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Buroynak (Nesov, 1995); Santonian-L.Campanian, Southern Kazakhstan, Kokkiya (Nesov, 1995)

  Elongatoolithidae

Elongatoolithus sp.: L.Campanian-?Maastrichtian, Zaysan Basin, left bank of Tayzhuzgen River (Nesov, 1995)

   Stegosauria Marsh, 1877

  Stegosauridae Marsh, 1880

Stegosauridae indet.:*) U.Cretaceous, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany, Karacheku (Efremov,

   1944)

   Ankylosauria Osborn, 1923

Ankylosauria indet.: L.Santonian, Northern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Rozhdestvenskiy, 1964à)

Ankylosauridae indet.: U.Turonian-Santonian or ?Coniacean-Santonian, Eastern Betpakdala, Malyy Karatau Range, Koturbulak (Nikiforova, 1960); L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region,   Shakh-Shakh (Rozhdestvenskiy, Khozatskiy, 1967; Prizemlin, 1990; Kordikova et al., 1996)

?Ankylosauridae indet.: U.Cretaceous,  Tashkent Chuli region, Sharybkhana (Ryabinin, 1939); Santonian-L.Campanian, Eastern Aral Sea region, Baykhozha (Khozatskiy, 1957)

  Nodosauridae Marsh, 1890

Nodosauridae indet.:*)  L.Santonian,  Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Ryabinin, 1939)

  Acanthopholidae Nopcsa, 1923

Acanthopholidae indet.:*) U.Cretaceous,  Ili Basin,  Malyye Kalkany,  Karacheku (Efremov, 1944)

   Ceratopsia Marsh, 1890

Ceratopsia s.l.: U.Cretaceous, Tashkent Chuli region, Chingel’dy (=Sary-Agach) (Efremov, 1944)

  Ceratopsidae Marsh, 1890

cf. Triceratops sp.: U.Cretaceous, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany (Efremov, 1944)

Ceratopsidae indet.: U.Cretaceous, Ili Basin, Malyye Kalkany (Efremov, 1944)

Crocodilia Gmelin, 1788

Crocodilia indet.:  Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Ayat River (Novokhatskiy,

    1954); North-Eastern Aral Sea region,  Balginbay (Efimov, 1988b); Tashkent Chuli

    region,  Akdzhar (Romanovskiy, 1878; cit. in Efimov, 1988b)

    Mesosuchia Huxley, 1875

  Goniopholididae Cope, 1875

Turanosuchus aralensis Efimov, 1988: Turonian-?Coniacian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili; L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Efimov, 1988; Kordikova et al., 1996)

cf. Kansajsuchus sp.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baybishe (Nesov,

   1988)

  Atoposauridae Gervais, 1871

Karatausuchus sharovi Efimov, 1976: U.Jurassic, Southern Kazakhstan, Mikhaylovka

  Shamosuchidae Efimov, 1983

Shamosuchus borealis (Efimov, 1975):  Turonian-?Coniacian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (=Kankazgan) (Nesov, 1984à)

S. extensus:  L.Santonian,  North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Baybishe, Shakh-Shakh (Nesov, 1984à)

Shamosuchus sp.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Efimov,

   1988)

Shamosuchidae (=Paralligatoridae) indet.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh

    Eusuchia Huxley, 1875

  Alligatoridae Gray, 1844

Sajkanosuchus ckhikvadzoi Efimov, 1984: M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Obayla

Allognathosuchus isolatus (Efimov, 1984): M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay and others

Diplocynodon kintyktshensis Efimov, 1988: L.Miocene, Northern Aral Sea region,

   Kintykche

Alligatoridae indet.:  M.Eocene-L.Oligocene,  L.-M.Miocene, Dzhungarian Alatau, Aktau (Kuznetsov, 1961; Kordikova, 1993); L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Lyubov’ (E.Kordikova’s determination)

  Pristichampsidae Kuhn, 1968

Pristichampsus birjukovi Efimov, 1988: M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay

P. kuznetzovi Efimov, 1988: M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay

  Crocodylidae Cuvier, 1807

Tadzhikosuchus sp.: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh

   (Efimov, 1988)

Asiatosuchus sp.: M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay and others (Efimov, 1988)

Crocodylidae indet.: U.Campanian-?L.Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Priozyornyy quarry (Prizemlin, 1993)

  Gavialidae Adams, 1854

Dollosuchus zajsanicus (Efimov, 1982): M.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay and others

Tomistoma borisovi Efimov, 1988:  U.Eocene-L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Konur-Kura, Akkezen’

Tomistoma sp.: L.Oligocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Bulkair, Kusto-Kyzylkain, Kiin-Kerish (Efimov, 1988)

Gavialidae indet.:  U.Eocene, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay, Aksyir,  Konur-Kura,  Manrak Range,  Mogila Sultan,  Kenderlykskaya mul’da, Bulkair, Kusto-Kyzylkain, Tuzkabak  and others (Efimov, 1988)

           Pterosauria Caup, 1834

   Rhamphorhynchoidea Pleininger, 1901

  Anurognathidae Kuhn, 1937

Batrachognathus volans Riabinin, 1948a: U.Jurassic, Southern Kazakhstan,

   Mikhaylovka

Sordes pilosus Sharov, 1971: U.Jurassic, Southern Kazakhstan, Mikhaylovka

Rhamphorhynchoidea indet.: U.Jurassic,  Western Kazakhstan,  Shubarkuduk (Khozatskiy, 1972)

Pterosauria indet.:  L.Santonian,  North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-ShakhII (Nesov, 1984b)

                  S y n a p t o s a u r i a  Williston, 1925

   Plesiosauroidea  Cope, 1869

  Plesiosauridae Cope, 1869

Polycotylus aff. orientalis Bogolubov, 1912: ?L.Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Priozyornyy quarry (Prizemlin, 1993)

  Elasmosauridae Cope, 1869

Elasmosaurus sp.: U.Campanian-?L.Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Priozyornyy quarry  (Prizemlin, 1993); Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Ayat River (Novokhatskiy, 1954)

   Pliosauroidea Welles, 1943

  Pliosauridae Seeley, 1874

Pliosaurus cf. macromerus Phillips, 189?: U.Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tothonian),

   Western Kazakhstan, Shchuchkin Village (Bazhanov, 1958; Malakhov, 1997)

                                                   I c h t h y o p t e r y g i a  Cope, 1885

Ichthyosauroidei indet.: U.Jurassic, Western Kazakhstan, Shchuchkin Village 

   (Bazhanov, 1958); Cretaceous, Western Kazakhstan, Inder Lake (Nesov et al., 1988)

                                                    L e p i d o s a u r i a  Haeckel, 1868

     Prolacertilia v.Huene, 1940

  Protorosauridae Huxley, 1871

Protorosauridae indet.:  L.Permian, Central Kazakhstan,  Ters-Akkan (Efremov, 1951)

     Choristodera Cope, 1876

  Champsosauridae Cope, 1884

Simoedosaurus sp.: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga (L.Nesov,

   pers.comm., 1994)

 Lacertilia Wagler, 1830

Lacertilia indet.:  L.Santonian, Northern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Nesov,  Khisarova, 1988); M.Eocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

    Anguimorpha Furbringer, 1900

  Mosasauridae Conybeare, 1812

Dollosaurus lutugini Yakovlev, 1901: ?L.Maastrichtian,  Northern Kazakhstan, Priozyornyy quarry  (Prizemlin, 1988, 1993)

Mosasaurus camperi Meyer: ?L.Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan, Priozyornyy quarry (Prizemlin, 1988, 1993)

Mosasauridae indet.:  U.Maastrichtian, Western Kazakhstan, Aktyubinsk’s environs (Yakovlev, 1905); Maastrichtian, Northern Kazakhstan,  Ayat River (Novokhatskiy, 1954)

  Anguidae Gray, 1825

Placosaurus sp.: L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze et al., 1983)

Glyptosaurinae indet.: L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Anguis sp.:  L.Miocene,  Zaysan Basin, Ashutas  (Zmey Gorynych) (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

?Ophisaurus sp.  or  ?Anguis sp.:  U.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay

   (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) - glass-lizard: recent, Kazakhstan,Western Tien-Shan; Central Asia; Balkan Peninsula; Southern Crimea; Minor Asia; Syria; Israel; Iraq; Iran; Caucasus

  Varanidae Gray, 1827

Saniwa sp.: L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Varanus sp.: L.Miocene, Western Kazakhstan, Mynsualmas (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976); U.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Varanus griseus (Daudin, 1803) - desert monitor: recent, Southern Kyzylkumy, Central Asia; South-Western Asia; Pakistan; North Africa

Varanidae indet.: ?Coniacean, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Tyul’kili (Kordikova et al., 1997); L.Miocene, Western Kazakhstan, Mynsualmas (Bendukidze, Chkhikvadze, 1976)

    Iguania Cuvier, 1807

  Iguanidae Gray, 1827

Iguania sp.: M.Eocene-L.Oligocene, Dzhungarian Alatau, Aktau (Bazhanov, 1959)

  Agamidae Gray, 1827

Tinosaurus sp.: M.Eocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Agamidae indet.:  M.Eocene, Southern Balkhash Lake region, Chinzhaly  (Chkhikvadze 

   et al., 1983); L.Oligocene, M.Miocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Trapelus sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1814) - steppe agama: recent, southern part of Kazakhstan; Central Asia; China, Western Xinjiang; Northern Afghanistan; Northern and North-Eastern Iran; Eastern Ciscaucasia

Phrynocephalus guttatus (Gmelin, 1789) - spotted toad agama: recent, Kazakhstan, Northern Caspian Sea region, sands along Irgiz River, Kzyl-Orda area, Southern Balkhash Lake region, Alakol’ Basin;  Central Asia;  China, Western Xinjiang; Ciscaucasia

Ph. helioscopus (Pallas, 1771) - sunwatcher: recent, Kazakhstan, excluding its northern part; Central Asia; China, Western Xinjiang; North-Western Mongolia; Northern Iran; Eastern Turkey; Transcaucasia

Ph. interscapularis Lichtenstein, 1856 - recent, Kazakhstan, Aral Sea region and Kyzylkumy;  Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan;  North-Eastern Iran; Northern Afghanistan

Ph. melanurus Eichwald, 1831 - recent, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin

Ph. mystaceus (Pallas, 1776) - toad-headed agama: recent, Southern Kazakhstan - from Northern Caspian Sea region to Alakol’ Lake; Central Asia;  China, Western Xinjiang;  Northern Afghanistan;  North-Eastern and Eastern Iran;  Eastern Ciscaucasia

Ph. versicolor Strauch, 1876 - recent, Kazakhstan, Ili Basin; Russia, Tuva; China, Inner Mongolia, Western Xinjiang; Mongolia

    Gekkota Cuvier, 1807

  Gekkonidae Gray, 1825

Alsophylax pipiens (Pallas, 1813) - recent, Kazakhstan, from down stream of Volga River to Zaysan Basin and Souther; Central Asia, including Uzbekistan and north part of Turkmenistan; North-Eastern Iran; Northern Afghanistan and easter to North-Western China and Southern Mongolia

Crossobamon eversmanni (Wiegmann, 1834) - recent, sands of Southern Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan; North-Western Tadzhikistan; North-Western Afghanistan; Northern Iran

Cyrtodactylus caspius (Eichwald, 1831) - recent, Kazakhstan, eastern coast of Caspian Sea and northern coast of Aral Sea; Central Asia, excluding Kyrgyzstan, eastern half  of Caucasus; Northern  and Eastern Iran; North-Western Afghanistan

C. russowi (Strauch, 1887) - recent, Southern Kazakhstan - from Northern Caspian Sea region to Alakol’ Lake; Central Asia;  China,  Northern Xinjiang;  Eastern Ciscaucasia; North-Eastern and Eastern Iran

Teratoscincus scincus (Schlegel, 1858) - Turkestan plate-tailed gecko: recent, deserts of southern part of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, excluding Kyrgyzstan; China, southern part of Gobi Desert; Northern Afghanistan; Western Pakistan; Central and Eastern Iran

    Scincomorpha Camp, 1923

  Slavoiidae Alifanov, 1993

Slavoia cf. darevski Sulimov, 1984: L.Santonian, North-Eastern Aral Sea region, Shakh-Shakh (Kordikova et al., 1997)

  Scincidae Gray, 1825

Ablepharus deserti Strauch, 1868 - desert lidless skink: recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Kyzylkumy to Southern Balkhash Lake region; Kyrgyzstan; northern part of Tadzhikistan; Uzbekistan; Eastern Turkmenistan

Asymblepharus alaicus  (Elpatjewsky, 1901)  - recent, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Transili and Talas Alatau; Kyrgyzstan; North-Eastern Uzbekistan; Tadzhikistan

  Lacertidae Fitzinger, 1826

Lacertidae indet.: M.Miocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Eremias sp.:  U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Gusinyy perelyot  (Zerova, Chkhikvadze, 1984)

Eremias arguta (Pallas, 1773) - steppe runner:  recent, Kazakhstan, souther of Ural’sk - Akmola - Zaysan Basin; from North-Eastern Romania on the west to South-Western Mongolia on the east, from Northern Iran on the south to 53°N in Russia on the north

E. grammica  (Lichtenstein,  1823) - reticulate racerunner:  recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Northern Aral Sea to Alakol’ Basin;  China, Western Xinjiang;  Central Asia,  excluding Kyrgyzstan; North-Eastern Iran; Northern Afghanistan

E. intermedia (Strauch, 1876) - medial racerunner: recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Caspian Sea region to Alakol’ Basin; Uzbekistan;Southwest of Turkmenistan

E. lineolata (Nikolsky, 1896) - striped racerunner: recent, Kazakhstan, Southern Balkhash Lake region and Alakol’ Basin, Southern  Kyzylkumy; Uzbekistan;  Turkmenistan; South-Western Tadzhikistan; Western Afghanistan; Eastern Iran

E. multiocellata Gunther,  1872 - multiocellated racerunner: recent,  Kazakhstan, Kungey and Terskey Alatau,  Zaysan Basin, Kazakhstan; Eastern Kyrgyzstan;  Russia, Tuva and norther to Tannu-Opa Range; Northern  China; Mongolia

E. nikolskii Bedrriaga,  1905 - Kyrghyz  racerunner:  recent, Kazakhstan, Terskey Alatau; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Tadzhikistan

E. scripta (Strauch,  1867) - sand racerunner: recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Caspian Sea region to Alakol’ Basin;  the most part of Central Asia; Eastern Iran; Western Afghanistan; Northern Pakistan

E. velox (Pallas,  1771) - rapid fringetoed lizard: recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Caspian Sea region to Alakol’ Basin; Central Asia, excluding of Kyrgyzstan; Northern China;  Northern Afghanistan; Northern and  North-Eastern  Iran; Eastern Transcaucasia;  Eastern Ciscaucasia;  Nizhneye Povolzh’ye

E. vermiculata Blanford, 1875 - variegated racerunner: recent, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin; North-Western China; Mongolia

Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758 - sand lizard: recent, northern part of Kazakhstan, Dzhungarian and Kungey Alatau; Northern and Central Europe; Russia, easter to Northern Baikal Lake region and Southern Transbaikalia; China, Western Xinjiang; North-Western Mongolia; souther to Turkey and Kyrgyzstan

L. vivipara Jacquin, 1787 - viviparous lizard: recent, northern and eastern parts of Kazakhstan; North-Western and North-Eastern China; to the south of 73° N - northern half of Eurasia including  the British Isles, Siberia, Sakhalin Island, North-Western and North-Eastern China,  Northern Mongolia and Japan

     Serpentes L., 1758

   Alethinophidia Nopcsa, 1923

  Nigerophiidae Rage, 1975

Nigerophiidae indet.: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga (Averianov, 1997)

Nessovophis zhylga Averianov, 1997: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga 1

Palaeophis nessovi Averianov, 1997: U.Eocene (Priabonian), Northern Kazakhstan,

   Kachar

Palaeophis sp. Averianov, 1997: M.Eocene (Bartonian), Mangyshlak Peninsula, Ussak

  Vialovophiidae Nessov, 1984

Vialovophis zhylan Nessov, 1983: U.Paleocene, Tashkent Chuli region, Dzhilga 1a

  Boidae Gray, 1825

cf.Calamagras sp.: M.Eocene, L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Boidae indet.:  U.Eocene, Zaysan Basin (Zerova, Chkhikvadze, 1984)

Boinae indet.: L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Erycinae indet.:  L.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze,  1985);  Miocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze  et al., 1983)

Bransateryx sp.: U.Oligocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Eryx sp.:  L., M.Miocene, U.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Kalmakpay (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Eryx miliaris (Pallas, 1773) - sand boa: recent, south-western parts of Kazakhstan, Kyzylkumy; Central Asia, excluding Kyrgyzstan and Tadzhikistan; North-Western China; Afghanistan; Northern Iran; Eastern Ciscaucasia

E. tataricus (Lichtenstein, 1823) - Tatary sand boa: recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Karakumy of Aral Sea region to Alakol’ and Zaysan Basins;  Central Asia;  Northern Iran; Afghanistan; Pakistan; North-Western India;  North-Western China; Southern Mongolia

  Colubridae Oppel, 1811

Colubridae indet.: Miocene, ?Pliocene, Zaysan Basin (Chkhikvadze  et al., 1983)

Elaphe cf. dione (Pallas, 1773): M.Miocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Kalkaman (Zerova, Chkhikvadze, 1984)

Elaphe dione (Pallas, 1773) - Pallas’ coluber: recent, from Western Kazakhstan to Altai; Transcaucasia; Northern Iran; Central Asia;  Northern China; Korea; Southern Siberia;  Maritime Territory;  Far East

E. quattuorlineata (Lacepede, 1789) - four-lined snake:  recent, Kazakhstan, between Caspian and Aral Seas; Southern Europe;  Minor Asia; Northern Iraq; North-Western Iran; Northern Caucasus; Transcaucasia;  Russia, Nizhneye Povolzh’ye

Coluber cf. ravergieri Menetries, 1832: U.Miocene-L.Pliocene, Pavlodar Irtysh River region, Gusinyy perelyot (Zerova, Chkhikvadze, 1984)

C. ravergieri Menetries, 1832 - mountain racer: recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Caspian and Aral Seas to Alakol’ Basin;  from Lower Egypt, Sinai and Minor Asia through Israel, Syria, Iraq, Iran,  Caucasus and Central Asia and easter to Afghanistan,  Pakistan, North-Western India, Western China and Western Mongolia; Cyprus, Rhodes, Santus Islands

C. caspius Gmelin, 1789 - Caspian racer: recent, Kazakhstan, south-western part of Volga and Ural sands;  Nizhneye Povolzh’ye; South-Western Turkmenistan; North-Eastern Iran; Northern Iraq; Caucasus; Crimea; Southern Europe

C. karelini Brandt, 1838 - spotted desert racer: recent, Kazakhstan, between Caspian and Aral Seas, in Kyzylkumy and Moyunkumy; Central Asia; eastern part of Iran; Afghanistan; Pakistan; North-Western India

C. rhodorhachis (Jan, 1865) - cliff racer:  recent,  Kazakhstan, Northern Aral Sea region,  Karatau,  Borolday; Western Kyrgyzstan; Southern Uzbekistan; Southern Turkmenistan; Northern and South-Western Tadzhikistan; Pakistan, Baluchistan; Iran; Iraq; Arabian Peninsula; Somali Peninsula; Lower Egypt

C. spinalis (Peters, 1866) - slender racer: recent, Eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan Basin; northern half of China;  Mongolia;  Korea; ?Far East; ?Afghanistan

Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768 - smooth snake: recent, Western Kazakhstan; Western Siberia; almost all Europe;  northern half of Minor Asia;  Caucasus; Northern Iran

Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) - grass snake: recent, Western, Eastern and South-Eastern (Southern Balkhash Lake region and Alakol’ Basin) Kazakhstan; almost all Europe; from North-Western Africa and Western Asia to Western China and North-Western Mongolia, south of Eastern Siberia

N. tesselata (Laurenti, 1768) - diced snake:  recent,  Kazakhstan, souther of Ural’sk - Dzhezkazgan - Alakol’ Basin; Central and Southern Europe;  North-Eastern Africa; Asia Anterior, Minor and Central Asia; Afghanistan; North-Western Pakistan; ?North-Western India; Western China

Psammophis lineolatus (Brandt, 1838) - steppe ribbon snake: recent, Southern Kazakhstan, from Caspian Sea, Turgay to Zaysan Basin; Central Asia; North-Western China; Southern Mongolia; Pakistan; Afghanistan; Iran; south of Eastern Transcaucasia

Spalerosophis diadema (Schlegel, 1837) - diadem snake: recent, Kazakhstan, Kyzylkumy, Mangyshlak; the most part of Central Asia; Northern India; Pakistan; Afghanistan; Iran; Iraq; Syria; Arabia; North Africa

  Crotalidae Gray, 1825

Agkistrodon halys (Pallas, 1776) - Halys viper: recent, southern half of Kazakhstan; from Zavolzh’ye and South-Eastern Azerbaijan through Central Asia, Southern Siberia to Pacific Ocean coast; Northern Iran; China; Mongolia; Korea; Eastern Japan

    Scolecophidia Dumeril & Birbon, 1844

  Typhlopidae Merrem, 1820

Typhlops vermicularis Merrem, 1820 - worm snake: recent, Kazakhstan, Mangyshlak; Central Asia, excluding Kyrgyzstan and the most part of Turkmenistan; Afghanistan; Iran;  Syria;  Minor Asia; Caucasus;  Balkan Peninsula

  Viperidae Bonaparte, 1840

Viperidae indet.: L.Miocene, Zaysan Basin, Ashutas (Zmey Gorynych) (Chkhikvadze,

   1985)

Pelias sp.:  Zaysan Basin - L.Miocene, Ashutas  (Zmey Gorynych), M.Miocene

   (Chkhikvadze, 1985)

Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) - common northern viper: recent, north of Kazakhstan, Altai; Northern and Central Europe; Northern and Central Asia to Sakhalin Peninsula

V. ursini (Bonaparte, 1835) - Orsini’s viper: recent,  all Kazakhstan, excluding of desert zone - Ustyurt, Kyzylkumy, Betpakdala, Moyunkumy;  Central Asia,  excluding Tadzhikistan and Turkmenistan